Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived near the middle of the 10th century. Its golden age occurred in the 16th century. During the following century, the strengthening of the gentry and internal disorders weakened the nation. In a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland amongst themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force and by 1990 had swept parliamentary elections and the presidency. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe, but Poland still faces the lingering challenges of high unemployment, underdeveloped and dilapidated infrastructure, and a poor rural underclass. Solidarity suffered a major defeat in the 2001 parliamentary elections when it failed to elect a single deputy to the lower house of Parliament, and the new leaders of the Solidarity Trade Union subsequently pledged to reduce the Trade Union's political role. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations.

Central Europe, east of Germany
52 00 N, 20 00 E
Europe
total: 312,685 sq km ; land: 304,465 sq km ; water: 8,220 sq km
slightly smaller than New Mexico
total: 3,056 km ; border countries: Belarus 416 km, Czech Republic 790 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 103 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia 541 km, Ukraine 529 km
491 km
territorial sea: 12 nm ; exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m ; highest point: Rysy 2,499 m
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land
arable land: 40.25% ; permanent crops: 1% ; other: 58.75% (2005)
1,000 sq km (2003)
63.1 cu km (2005)
Total: 11.73 cu km/yr (13%/79%/8%) ; Per capita: 304 cu m/yr (2002)
flooding
situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to EU code, but at substantial cost to business and the government
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands ; signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
38,518,241 (July 2007 est.)
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 3,070,388/female 2,906,121) ; 15-64 years: 71.1% (male 13,639,012/female 13,761,154) ; 65 years and over: 13.3% (male 1,964,429/female 3,177,137) (2007 est.)
total: 37.3 years ; male: 35.4 years ; female: 39.3 years (2007 est.)
-0.046% (2007 est.)
9.94 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
9.94 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
-0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female ; under 15 years: 1.057 male(s)/female ; 15-64 years: 0.991 male(s)/female ; 65 years and over: 0.618 male(s)/female ; total population: 0.941 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
total: 7.07 deaths/1,000 live births ; male: 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births ; female: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
total population: 75.19 years ; male: 71.18 years ; female: 79.44 years (2007 est.)
1.26 children born/woman (2007 est.)
0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
14,000 (2003 est.)
100 (2001 est.)
noun: Pole(s) ; adjective: Polish
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
Roman Catholic 89.8% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)
Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write ; total population: 99.8% ; male: 99.8% ; female: 99.7% (2003 est.)


conventional long form: Republic of Poland ; conventional short form: Poland ; local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska ; local short form: Polska
republic
name: Warsaw ; geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E ; time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) ; daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie wojewodztwo, Kujawsko-Pomorskie wojewodztwo, Lodzkie wojewodztwo, Lubelskie wojewodztwo, Lubuskie wojewodztwo, Malopolskie wojewodztwo, Mazowieckie wojewodztwo, Opolskie wojewodztwo, Podkarpackie wojewodztwo, Podlaskie wojewodztwo, Pomorskie wojewodztwo, Slaskie wojewodztwo, Swietokrzyskie wojewodztwo, Warminsko-Mazurskie wojewodztwo, Wielkopolskie wojewodztwo, Zachodniopomorskie wojewodztwo

11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)
Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
based on a mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of Justice in Strasbourg; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President Lech KACZYNSKI (since 23 December 2005) ; head of government: Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers Waldemar PAWLAK (since 16 November 2007) and Grzegorz SCHETYNA (since 16 November 2007) ; cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers ; elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 9 and 23 October 2005 (next to be held in the fall 2010); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm ; election results: Lech KACZYNSKI elected president; percent of popular vote - Lech KACZYNSKI 54%, Donald Tusk 46%
bicameral National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe consists of the Senate or Senat (upper house) (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms), and the Sejm (lower house) (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); the designation of National Assembly is only used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly ; elections: Senate - last held 21 September 2007 (next to be held by September 2011); Sejm elections last held 21 September 2007 (next to be held by September 2011) ; election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PO 60, PiS 39, independents 1; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PO 41.5%, PiS 32.1%, LiD 13.2%, PSL 8.9%, other 4.3%; seats by party - PO 209, PiS 166, LiD 53, PSL 31, German minorities 1; note - seats by party as of December 2007 - PO 209, PiS 160, LiD 53, PSL 31, German minorities 1, nonaffiliated 6 ; note: one seat is assigned to ethnic minority parties in the Sejm only
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms)
Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ]; Civic Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Conservative Peasants Party or SKL [Artur BALASZ]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Wojciech OLEJNICZAK]; Democratic Party or PD [Janusz ONYSZKIEWICZ]; Dom Ojczysty (Fatherland Home); German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League of Polish Families or LPR [Roman GIERTYCH]; Left and Democrats (LiD) (a coalition formed by the SLD, PD, SDPL, and UP) [Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI]; Peasant-Democratic Party or PLD [Roman JAGIELINSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Ruch Patriotyczny or RP [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej LEPPER]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI]; Social Movement or RS [Krzysztof PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP [Andrzej SPYCHALSKI]
All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ]; Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Jozef GLEMP]; Solidarity Trade Union [Janusz SNIADEK]
ACCT (observer), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
chief of mission: Ambassador Janusz REITER ; chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 ; telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802 ; FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271 ; consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
chief of mission: Ambassador Victor ASHE ; embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw ; mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch) ; telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000 ; FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688 ; consulate(s) general: Krakow





Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and today stands out as a success story among transition economies. In 2007, GDP grew 6.5%, based on rising private consumption, a jump in investment, and burgeoning exports. Poland today has a thriving private sector. GDP per capita roughly equals that of the three Baltic states. Consumer price inflation - at 2.1% in 2007 - remains among the lowest in the EU. Since 2004, EU membership and access to EU structural funds has provided a major boost to the economy. Despite Poland's successes, more remains to be done. Unemployment, which stood at nearly 13% in 2007, is still one of the highest in the EU. Rising wages and falling unemployment pose a risk to consumer price stability. An inefficient commercial court system, a rigid labor code, bureaucratic red tape, and persistent corruption keep the private sector from performing to its potential. Expensive health care, education, pension, and state administration systems present a challenge to lowering the government budget deficit, which was over 3% of GDP in 2007. The new government plans to reduce its budget deficit with the aim of eventually adopting the euro. The pro-business PO government aims to introduce business-friendly measures, lower public debt, lower personal and corporate tax rates, reduce public spending and increase privatization, but failed to gain enough seats to rule alone, and will likely have to water down initiatives in order to garner enough support to pass its pro-business policies.
$624.6 billion (2007 est.)
$418.1 billion (2007 est.)
6.5% (2007 est.)
$16,200 (2007 est.)
agriculture: 4.1% ; industry: 31.9% ; services: 64% (2007 est.)
17.01 million (2007 est.)
agriculture: 16.1% ; industry: 29% ; services: 54.9% (2002)
12.8% (2007 est.)
17% (2003 est.)
lowest 10%: 3.1% ; highest 10%: 27% (2002)
36 (2005)
2.1% (2007 est.)
21.8% of GDP (2007 est.)
revenues: $80.53 billion ; expenditures: $88.7 billion (2007 est.)
44.5% of GDP (2007 est.)
potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy
machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
10% (2007 est.)
146.2 billion kWh (2005)
fossil fuel: 98.1% ; hydro: 1.5% ; nuclear: 0% ; other: 0.4% (2001)
120.4 billion kWh (2005)
16.19 billion kWh (2005)
5.002 billion kWh (2005)
32,800 bbl/day (2005 est.)
462,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)
51,780 bbl/day (2004)
480,300 bbl/day (2004)
96.38 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
5.828 billion cu m (2005)
15.58 billion cu m (2005 est.)
42.2 million cu m (2005 est.)
10.01 billion cu m (2005)
158.1 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
-$18.13 billion (2007 est.)
$137.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2003)
Germany 27.2%, Italy 6.6%, France 6.2%, UK 5.7%, Czech Republic 5.6%, Russia 4.3% (2006)
$150.7 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Germany 29%, Russia 9.6%, Italy 6.4%, Netherlands 5.7%, France 5.4% (2006)

$61.46 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
$187.8 billion (30 June 2007)
$104.2 billion (2006 est.)
$10.68 billion (2006 est.)
$149.1 billion (2006)
zloty (PLN)
PLN
zlotych per US dollar - 2.81 (2007), 3.1032 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891 (2003) ; note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
calendar year
$1.524 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)
11.475 million (2006)
36.746 million (2006)
general assessment: modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market based competition finalized in 2003; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in wireless telephony ; domestic: mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; cellular coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service is growing slowly and still lags in rural areas ; international: country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik
AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)
20.2 million (1997)
40 (2006)
13.05 million (1997)
.pl
5.681 million (2007)
19 (2000)
11 million (2006)

123 (2007)
total: 83 ; over 3,047 m: 4 ; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 ; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 39 ; 914 to 1,523 m: 7 ; under 914 m: 3 (2007)
total: 40 ; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 ; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 ; 914 to 1,523 m: 13 ; under 914 m: 22 (2007)
7 (2007)
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2006)
total: 23,072 km ; broad gauge: 629 km 1.524-m gauge ; standard gauge: 22,443 km 1.435-m gauge (20,555 km operational; 11,910 km electrified) (2006)
total: 423,997 km ; paved: 295,356 km (includes 484 km of expressways) ; unpaved: 128,641 km (2004)
3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2006)
total: 11 ships (1000 GRT or over) 55,701 GRT/45,082 DWT ; by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 2, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1 ; foreign-owned: 1 (Nigeria 1) ; registered in other countries: 102 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas 15, Cyprus 18, Liberia 14, Malta 25, Norway 3, Panama 15, Slovakia 2, St Vincent and The Grenadines 1, Vanuatu 7) (2007)
Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin

Armed Forces of the Polish Republic (Sily Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, SZRP): Land Forces (includes Navy (Marynarka Wojenna, MW)), Polish Air Force (Sily Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, SPRP) (2006)
17 years of age for male compulsory military service after January 1st of the year of 18th birthday; 17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscript service obligation shortened from 12 to 9 months in 2005; by 2008, plans call for at least 60% of military personnel to be volunteers; only soldiers who have completed their conscript service are allowed to volunteer for professional service; as of April 2004, women are only allowed to serve as officers and noncommissioned officers (2006)
males age 17-49: 9,681,703 ; females age 17-49: 9,480,641 (2005 est.)
males age 17-49: 7,739,472 ; females age 17-49: 7,859,165 (2005 est.)
males age 18-49: 275,446 ; females age 17-49: 265,164 (2005 est.)
1.71% (2005 est.)

as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine

despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe

