Since independence from Portugal in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established authoritarian dictator Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. Despite setting a path to a market economy and multiparty system, VIEIRA's regime was characterized by the suppression of political opposition and the purging of political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In 1994 VIEIRA was elected president in the country's first free elections. A military mutiny and resulting civil war in 1998 eventually led to VIEIRA's ouster in May 1999. In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA, after he was elected president in transparent polling. In September 2003, after only three years in office, YALA was ousted by the military in a bloodless coup, and businessman Henrique ROSA was sworn in as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was re-elected president pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation.

Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Senegal
12 00 N, 15 00 W
Africa
total: 36,120 sq km ; land: 28,000 sq km ; water: 8,120 sq km
slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut
total: 724 km ; border countries: Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km
350 km
territorial sea: 12 nm ; exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ; highest point: unnamed location in the northeast corner of the country 300 m
fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum
arable land: 8.31% ; permanent crops: 6.92% ; other: 84.77% (2005)
250 sq km (2003)
31 cu km (2003)
Total: 0.18 cu km/yr (13%/5%/82%) ; Per capita: 113 cu m/yr (2000)
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands ; signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
this small country is swampy along its western coast and low-lying further inland
1,472,780 (July 2007 est.)
0-14 years: 41.2% (male 302,408/female 303,786) ; 15-64 years: 55.8% (male 394,799/female 427,055) ; 65 years and over: 3% (male 18,463/female 26,269) (2007 est.)
total: 19.1 years ; male: 18.5 years ; female: 19.7 years (2007 est.)
2.052% (2007 est.)
36.81 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
16.29 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female ; under 15 years: 0.995 male(s)/female ; 15-64 years: 0.924 male(s)/female ; 65 years and over: 0.703 male(s)/female ; total population: 0.945 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
total: 103.5 deaths/1,000 live births ; male: 113.7 deaths/1,000 live births ; female: 93.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
total population: 47.18 years ; male: 45.37 years ; female: 49.04 years (2007 est.)
4.79 children born/woman (2007 est.)
10% (2003 est.)
17,000 (2001 est.)
1,200 (2001 est.)
noun: Guinean(s) ; adjective: Guinean
African 99% (includes Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
indigenous beliefs 50%, Muslim 45%, Christian 5%
Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages
definition: age 15 and over can read and write ; total population: 42.4% ; male: 58.1% ; female: 27.4% (2003 est.)
degree of risk: very high ; food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever ; vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in some locations ; water contact disease: schistosomiasis ; respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

conventional long form: Republic of Guinea-Bissau ; conventional short form: Guinea-Bissau ; local long form: Republica da Guine-Bissau ; local short form: Guine-Bissau ; former: Portuguese Guinea
republic
name: Bissau ; geographic coordinates: 11 51 N, 15 35 W ; time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali; note - Bolama may have been renamed Bolama/Bijagos

24 September 1973 (declared); 10 September 1974 (recognized by Portugal)
Independence Day, 24 September (1973)
16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996
based on French civil law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA (since 1 October 2005) ; head of government: Prime Minister Martinho N'Dafa CABI (since 9 April 2007) ; cabinet: NA ; elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held 24 July 2005 (next to be held in 2010); prime minister appointed by the president ; election results: Joao Bernardo VIEIRA elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Joao Bernardo VIEIRA 52.4%, Malam Bacai SANHA 47.6%
unicameral National People's Assembly or Assembleia Nacional Popular (100 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) ; elections: last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held in 2008) ; election results: percent of vote by party - PAIGC 31.5%, PRS 24.8%, PUSD 16.1%, UE 4.1%, APU 1.3%, 13 other parties 22.2%; seats by party - PAIGC 45, PRS 35, PUSD 17, UE 2, APU 1
Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists of nine justices appointed by the president and serve at his pleasure; final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases); Regional Courts (one in each of nine regions; first court of appeals for Sectoral Court decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases valued at over $1,000); 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not necessarily trained lawyers; they hear civil cases under $1,000 and misdemeanor criminal cases)
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Party for Social Renewal or PRS [Kumba YALA]; Democratic Social Front or FDS; Electoral Union or UE; Guinea-Bissau Civic Forum/Social Democracy or FCGSD [Antonieta Rosa GOMES]; Guinea-Bissau Democratic Party or PDG; Guinea-Bissau Socialist Democratic Party or PDSG [Serifo BALDE]; Labor and Solidarity Party or PST [Iancuba INDJAI]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP; Progress Party or PP [Ibrahima SOW]; Union for Change or UM [Amine SAAD]; Union of Guinean Patriots or UPG [Francisca VAZ]; United Platform or UP (coalition formed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB); United Popular Alliance or APU; United Social Democratic Party or PUSD
NA
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
chief of mission: none; note - Guinea-Bissau does not have official representation in Washington, DC
the US Embassy suspended operations on 14 June 1998 in the midst of violent conflict between forces loyal to then President VIEIRA and military-led junta; the US Ambassador to Senegal is accredited to Guinea-Bissau





One of the 10 poorest countries in the world, Guinea-Bissau depends mainly on farming and fishing. Cashew crops have increased remarkably in recent years, and the country now ranks sixth in cashew production. Guinea-Bissau exports fish and seafood along with small amounts of peanuts, palm kernels, and timber. Rice is the major crop and staple food. However, intermittent fighting between Senegalese-backed government troops and a military junta destroyed much of the country's infrastructure and caused widespread damage to the economy in 1998; the civil war led to a 28% drop in GDP that year, with partial recovery in 1999-2002. Before the war, trade reform and price liberalization were the most successful part of the country's structural adjustment program under IMF sponsorship. The tightening of monetary policy and the development of the private sector had also begun to reinvigorate the economy. Because of high costs, the development of petroleum, phosphate, and other mineral resources is not a near-term prospect. However, offshore oil prospecting has begun and could lead to much-needed revenue in the long run. The inequality of income distribution is one of the most extreme in the world. The government and international donors continue to work out plans to forward economic development from a lamentably low base. In December 2003, the World Bank, IMF, and UNDP were forced to step in to provide emergency budgetary support in the amount of $107 million for 2004, representing over 80% of the total national budget. Government drift and indecision, however, resulted in continued low growth in 2002-06. Higher raw material prices boosted growth to 3.7% in 2007.
$901.2 million (2007 est.)
$310.1 million (2007 est.)
3.7% (2007 est.)
$600 (2007 est.)
agriculture: 62% ; industry: 12% ; services: 26% (1999 est.)
480,000 (1999)
agriculture: 82% ; industry and services: 18% (2000 est.)
NA%
NA%
lowest 10%: 0.5% ; highest 10%: 42.4% (1991)

4% (2002 est.)

revenues: $NA ; expenditures: $NA

rice, corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), cashew nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, cotton; timber; fish
agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks
4.7% (2003 est.)
60 million kWh (2005)
fossil fuel: 100% ; hydro: 0% ; nuclear: 0% ; other: 0% (2001)
55.8 million kWh (2005)
0 kWh (2005)
0 kWh (2005)
0 bbl/day (2005 est.)
2,480 bbl/day (2005 est.)
0 bbl/day (2004)
2,463 bbl/day (2004)
0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
0 cu m (2005 est.)
0 cu m (2005 est.)
0 cu m (2005 est.)
0 cu m (2005)
0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

$133 million f.o.b. (2006)
cashew nuts, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn lumber
India 76.1%, Nigeria 18.1%, Italy 1.4% (2006)
$200 million f.o.b. (2006)
Portugal 18.8%, Senegal 16.3%, Italy 13%, Pakistan 4.5% (2006)


$941.5 million (2000 est.)


$NA
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
XOF; GWP
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003) ; note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
calendar year
$79.12 million (2005)
10,200 (2005)
95,000 (2005)
general assessment: small system ; domestic: combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines, radiotelephone, and cellular communications; fixed-line teledensity less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity reached 7 per 100 in 2005 ; international: country code - 245
AM 1 (transmitter out of service), FM 4, shortwave 0 (2001)
49,000 (1997)
NA (2005)
NA
.gw
0 (2007)
2 (2002)
37,000 (2006)

27 (2007)
total: 3 ; over 3,047 m: 1 ; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 ; 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2007)
total: 24 ; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 ; 914 to 1,523 m: 4 ; under 914 m: 19 (2007)



total: 3,455 km ; paved: 965 km ; unpaved: 2,490 km (2002)
rivers are navigable for some distance; many inlets and creeks give shallow-water access to much of interior (2007)

Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim

People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP): Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary force
18 years of age for selective compulsory military service (2006)
males age 18-49: 287,542 ; females age 18-49: 297,295 (2005 est.)
males age 18-49: 152,681 ; females age 18-49: 161,033 (2005 est.)

3.1% (2005 est.)

in 2006, political instability within Senegal's Casamance region resulted in thousands of Senegalese refugees, cross-border raids, and arms smuggling into Guinea-Bissau
refugees (country of origin): 7,320 (Senegal) (2006)
increasingly important transit country for South American cocaine enroute to Europe; enabling environment for trafficker operations thanks to pervasive corruption; archipelago-like geography around the capital facilitates drug smuggling

