French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has maintained power almost continually since 1967 and maintains a majority of seats in today's legislature. Upon EYADEMA's death in February 2005, the military installed the president's son, Faure GNASSINGBE, and then engineered his formal election two months later. Democratic gains since then allowed Togo to hold its first relatively free and fair legislative elections in October 2007. After years of political unrest and fire from international organizations for human rights abuses, Togo is finally being re-welcomed into the international community.

Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana
8 00 N, 1 10 E
Africa
total: 56,785 sq km ; land: 54,385 sq km ; water: 2,400 sq km
slightly smaller than West Virginia
total: 1,647 km ; border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
56 km
territorial sea: 30 nm ; exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ; highest point: Mont Agou 986 m
phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
arable land: 44.2% ; permanent crops: 2.11% ; other: 53.69% (2005)
70 sq km (2003)
14.7 cu km (2001)
Total: 0.17 cu km/yr (53%/2%/45%) ; Per capita: 28 cu m/yr (2000)
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts
deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling ; signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna
5,701,579 ; note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)
0-14 years: 42% (male 1,201,840/female 1,193,416) ; 15-64 years: 55.3% (male 1,535,855/female 1,617,631) ; 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 61,658/female 91,179) (2007 est.)
total: 18.4 years ; male: 18 years ; female: 18.9 years (2007 est.)
2.718% (2007 est.)
36.83 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
9.65 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female ; under 15 years: 1.007 male(s)/female ; 15-64 years: 0.949 male(s)/female ; 65 years and over: 0.676 male(s)/female ; total population: 0.965 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
total: 59.12 deaths/1,000 live births ; male: 66.56 deaths/1,000 live births ; female: 51.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
total population: 57.86 years ; male: 55.81 years ; female: 59.96 years (2007 est.)
4.9 children born/woman (2007 est.)
4.1% (2003 est.)
110,000 (2003 est.)
10,000 (2003 est.)
noun: Togolese (singular and plural) ; adjective: Togolese
African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Christian 29%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs 51%
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write ; total population: 60.9% ; male: 75.4% ; female: 46.9% (2003 est.)
degree of risk: very high ; food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever ; vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in some locations ; water contact disease: schistosomiasis ; respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

conventional long form: Togolese Republic ; conventional short form: Togo ; local long form: Republique togolaise ; local short form: none ; former: French Togoland
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
name: Lome ; geographic coordinates: 6 08 N, 1 13 E ; time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes

27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
French-based court system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
NA years of age; universal (adult)
chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005); note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeeded by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE, with the support of the military, following international condemnation for the unconstitutional move he then stepped aside pending elections, and Abass BONFOH served as interim president; Faure GNASSINGBE later won popular elections in April 2005 ; head of government: Prime Minister Komlan MALLY (since 6 December 2007) ; cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister ; elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held by 2010); prime minister appointed by the president ; election results: Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas LAWSON 1%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.5%
unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) ; elections: last held on 14 October 2007 (next to be held in 2012) ; election results: percent of vote by party - RPT 39.4%, UFC 37.0%, CAR 8.2%, independents 2.5%, other 12.9%; seats by party - RPT 50, UFC 27, CAR 4
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO]; Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA; Democratic Party for Renewal or PDR; Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP; Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP; Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]; Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE]; Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]; Union of Forces for a Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO]
NA
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OIF, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) ; chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 ; telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212 ; FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190
chief of mission: Ambassador David B. DUNN ; embassy: Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome ; mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome ; telephone: [228] 221 29 91 through 221 29 94 ; FAX: [228] 221 79 52





This small, sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on follow through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors. Togo is working with donors to write a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) that could eventually lead to a debt reduction plan. Economic growth remains marginal due to declining cotton production, underinvestment in phosphate mining, and strained relations with donors.
$5.132 billion (2007 est.)
$2.193 billion (2007 est.)
2.5% (2007 est.)
$900 (2007 est.)
agriculture: 40% ; industry: 25% ; services: 35% (2003 est.)
1.302 million (1998)
agriculture: 65% ; industry: 5% ; services: 30% (1998 est.)
NA%
32% (1989 est.)
lowest 10%: NA% ; highest 10%: NA%

3% (2007 est.)
21.4% of GDP (2007 est.)
revenues: $478.1 million ; expenditures: $554.1 million (2007 est.)

coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
3% (2007 est.)
176 million kWh (2005)
fossil fuel: 98.7% ; hydro: 1.3% ; nuclear: 0% ; other: 0% (2001)
576 million kWh (2005)
0 kWh (2005)
486 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2005)
0 bbl/day (2005 est.)
16,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
0 bbl/day (2004)
15,130 bbl/day (2004)
0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
0 cu m (2005 est.)
0 cu m (2005 est.)
0 cu m (2005 est.)
0 cu m (2005)
0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
-$165.5 million (2007 est.)
$675 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)
reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
Ghana 16.7%, Burkina Faso 14.4%, Benin 9.1%, Belgium 6.1%, Mali 5.8%, Germany 5.4%, India 4.6%, Netherlands 4.6% (2006)
$1.181 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
China 29.8%, UK 10.9%, France 8.9%, Netherlands 6%, Belgium 5.8%, US 4.6%, Estonia 4.2% (2006)

$362.6 million (31 December 2007 est.)
$2 billion (2005)


$NA
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
XOF
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 482.71 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003)
calendar year
ODA, $86.71 million (2005 est.)
82,100 (2006)
708,000 (2006)
general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system ; domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 15 telephones per 100 persons ; international: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)
940,000 (1997)
3 (plus 2 repeaters) (1997)
73,000 (1997)
.tg
702 (2007)
3 (2001)
320,000 (2006)

9 (2007)
total: 2 ; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2007)
total: 7 ; 914 to 1,523 m: 4 ; under 914 m: 3 (2007)


total: 568 km ; narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2006)
total: 7,520 km ; paved: 2,376 km ; unpaved: 5,144 km (1999)
50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2005)
total: 2 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWT ; by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2007)
Kpeme, Lome

Togolese Armed Forces (FAT): Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie (2005)
18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year service obligation (2006)
males age 18-49: 1,102,661 ; females age 18-49: 1,124,463 (2005 est.)
males age 18-49: 696,933 ; females age 18-49: 707,821 (2005 est.)

1.6% (2005 est.)

in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary; in 2006 14,000 Togolese refugees remain in Benin and Ghana out of the 40,000 who fled there in 2005
refugees (country of origin): 8,000 (Ghana) ; IDPs: 1,500 (2006)
transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem

